Papers

 

The Structure Building Framework

GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1991). Cognitive processes and mechanisms in language comprehension: The structure building framework. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 217-263). New York: Academic Press.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1995). The Structure-Building Framework: What it is, what it might also be, and why. In B. K. Britton, & A. C. Graesser, (Eds.),Models of text understanding (pp. 289-311). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1997). Two decades of structure building. Discourse Processes, 23, 265-304.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & FOERTSCH, J. (1999). Three models of discourse comprehension. In S. Garrod & M. J. Pickering (Eds.), Human language processing (pp. 283-299). East Sussex, UK: Psychology Press.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., TALLENT, K. A., & BOLLIGER, C. M. (1999). Disordered discourse in schizophrenia described by the Structure Building Framework. Discourse Studies, 1, 355-372.
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GRAESSER, A. C., GERNSBACHER, M. A., & GOLDMAN, S. R. (1997). Cognition. In T. A. van Dijk (Ed.), Discourse: A multidisciplinary introduction(pp. 292-319). London: Sage.
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ST. JOHN, M. F., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1998). Learning and losing syntax: Practice makes perfect and frequency builds fortitude. In A. F. Healy & L. E. Bourne, Jr. (Eds.), Foreign language learning: Psycholinguistic experiments on training and retention (pp. 231-255). Mawah, NJ: Erlbaum.
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The Cognitive Process of Laying a Foundation

CARREIRAS, M., GERNSBACHER, M. A., & VILLA, V. (1995). The advantage of first mention in Spanish. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 2, 124-129.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1997). First mention drives how people read and comprehend language. In Writing and reading today: An interdisciplinary discussion. Reston, VA: American Society of Newspaper Editors.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & HARGREAVES, D. (1988). Accessing sentence participants: The advantage of first mention. Journal of Memory and Language, 27, 699-717.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & HARGREAVES, D. (1986). Cognitive availability of sentence participants. In R. S. Tomlin & S. DeLancey (Eds.), Proceedings of the Pacific Linguistics Conference. Eugene: OR.

GERNSBACHER, M. A., & HARGREAVES, D. (1992). The privilege of primacy: Experimental data and cognitive explanations. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Pragmatics of word order flexibility (pp. 83-116). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., HARGREAVES, D., & BEEMAN, M. (1989). Building and accessing clausal representations: The advantage of first mention versus the advantage of clause recency. Journal of Memory and Language, 28, 735-755.
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KIM, S., LEE, J., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2004). The advantage of first mention in Korean: The temporal contributions of syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic factors. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 33, 475-491.
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The Cognitive Process of Mapping

FOERTSCH, J., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1997). In search of gender neutrality: Is singular they a cognitively efficient substitute for generic he?Psychological Science, 8, 106-111.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1997). Generic pronominal anaphora: The case of the English singular they. Verbum, 19, 67-84.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1996). Coherence cues mapping during comprehension. In J. Costermans & M. Fayol (Eds.), Processing interclausal relationships in the production and comprehension of text (pp. 3-21). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. & GIVN, T. (Eds.) (1995). Coherence in spontaneous text. Philadelphia PA: John Benjamins.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & ROBERTSON, R. R. W. (1992). Knowledge activation versus sentence mapping when representing fictional characters’ emotional states. Language and Cognitive Processes, 7, 353-371.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & ROBERTSON, R. R. W. (2001). The definite article the as a cue to map thematic information. In M. M. Louwerse & W. Van Peer,Thematics: Interdisciplinary studies. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., ROBERTSON, R. R. W., PALLADINO, P., & WERNER, N. K. (2004). Managing mental representations during narrative comprehension.Discourse Processes, 37, 145-164.
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HAENGGI, D., GERNSBACHER, M. A., & BOLLIGER, C. M. (1993). Individual differences in situation-based inferencing during narrative text comprehension. In H. van Oostendorp & R. A. Zwaan (Eds.), Naturalistic text comprehension: Vol. LIII. Advances in discourse processing (pp. 79-96). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
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HAENGGI, D., KINTSCH, W., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1995). Spatial situation models and text comprehension. Discourse Processes, 19, 173-199.
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LINDERHOLM, T., GERNSBACHER, M. A., VAN DEN BROEK, P., NENIDE, L., ROBERTSON, R. R. W., & SUNDERMEIR, B. (2004). Suppression of story character goals during reading. Discourse Processes, 37, 67-78.
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The Cognitive Process of Shifting

FOERTSCH, J., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1994). In search of complete comprehension: Getting “minimalists” to work. Discourse Processes, 18, 271-296.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1984). Cross-disciplinary approaches to language processing. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society, 6, 82-88.

GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1985). Surface information loss in comprehension.Cognitive Psychology, 17, 324-363.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & FAUST, M. (1991). The mechanism of suppression: A component of general comprehension skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 17, 245-262.
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The Mechanisms of Suppression and Enhancement in Lexical Access

FAUST, M. E., BALOTA, D. A., DUCHEK, J. M., GERNSBACHER, M. A., & SMITH, S. (1997). Inhibitory control during sentence processing in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Brain and Language, 57, 225-253.
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FAUST, M. E., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1996). Cerebral mechanisms for suppression of inappropriate information during sentence comprehension.Brain and Language, 53, 234-259.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1997). Attenuating interference during comprehension: The role of suppression. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 85-104). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1997). Group differences in suppression skill. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 4, 175-184.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & FAUST, M. (1991). The role of suppression in sentence comprehension. In G. B. Simpson (Ed.), Comprehending word and sentence (pp. 97-128). Amsterdam: North Holland.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., ROBERTSON, R. R. W., & WERNER, N. K. (2000). The costs and benefits of meaning. In D. Gorfein (Ed.), On the consequences of meaning selection (pp. 119-137). Washington, DC: APA Publications.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & ST. JOHN, M. F. (2000). Modeling suppression in lexical access. In D. Gorfein (Ed.), On the consequences of meaning. Washington, DC: APA Publications.
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The Mechanisms of Suppression and Enhancement in Anaphoric Reference

GARNHAM, A., TRAXLER, M. J., OAKHILL, J., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1996). The locus of implicit causality effects in comprehension. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 517-543.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1989). Mechanisms that improve referential access. Cognition, 32, 99-156.
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FOERTSCH, J., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1994). In search of complete comprehension: Getting “minimalists” to work. Discourse Processes, 18, 271-296.
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The Mechanisms of Suppression and Enhancement in Cataphoric Reference

GERNSBACHER, M. A., & JESCHENIAK, J. (1995). Cataphoric devices in spoken discourse. Cognitive Psychology, 29, 24-58.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & SHROYER, S. (1989). The cataphoric use of the indefinite this in spoken narratives. Memory & Cognition, 17, 536-540.
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The Mechanisms of Suppression and Enhancement in Surface Information Loss

GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1985). Surface information loss in comprehension.Cognitive Psychology, 17, 324-363.
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The Mechanisms of Suppression and Enhancement in Metaphor Interpretation

GERNSBACHER, M. A., KEYSAR, B., ROBERTSON, R. R. W., & WERNER, N. K. (2001). The role of suppression and enhancement in understanding metaphors. Journal of Memory and Language, 45, 433-450.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & ROBERTSON, R. R. W. (1999). The role of suppression in figurative language comprehension. Journal of Pragmatics, 31, 1616-1630.
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The Mechanisms of Suppression and Enhancement in General Comprehension Skill

GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1997). Group differences in suppression skill. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 4, 175-184.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2001). Learning to suppress competing information: Do the skills transfer? U.S Army Research Institute.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1993). Less skilled readers have less efficient suppression mechanisms. Psychological Science, 4, 294-298.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & FAUST, M. (1995). Skilled suppression. In F. N. Dempster & C. N. Brainerd (Eds.), Interference and inhibition in cognition (pp. 295-327). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & ROBERTSON, R. R. W. (1995). Reading skill and suppression revisited. Psychological Science, 6, 165-169.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & SHLESINGER, M. (1997). The proposed role of suppression in simultaneous interpretation. Interpreting, 2, 119-140.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., VARNER, K. R., & FAUST, M. (1990). Investigating differences in general comprehension skill. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 16, 430-445.
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Neural Bases of Discourse Comprehension

BEEMAN, M., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1988). Real time language comprehension research using the Apple-Psych system. Behavior Research Methods, Instrumentation, and Computers, 20, 164-170.
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BEEMAN, M. J., BOWDEN, E. M., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2000). Right and left hemisphere cooperation for drawing predictive and coherence inferences during normal story comprehension. Brain and Language, 71, 310-336.
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DICK, F., BATES, E., WULFECK, B., UTMAN, J. A., DRONKERS, N., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2001). Language deficits, localization, and grammar: Evidence for a distributive model of language breakdown in aphasic patients and neurologically intact individuals. Psychological Review, 108, 757-788.

GERNSBACHER, M. A., & KASCHAK, M. (2002). Neuroimaging studies of language production and comprehension. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 91-114.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & ROBERTSON, D. A. (2004). Watching the brain comprehend discourse. In A. Healy (Ed.), Experimental cognitive psychology and its applications. Washington, DC: APA Publications.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & KASCHAK, M. (2005). Discourse processes. In K. Brown (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, 2nd Edition, Vol.3 (pp. 654-659). Oxford, UK:Elsevier.

GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2011). Understanding acronyms. In K. Allan and K. M. Jaszczolt (Eds.), Salience and Defaults in Utterance Processing. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.

KASCHAK, M., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2002). Language comprehension. In L. Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences. London, UK: Nature Publishing Group.

KASCHAK, M., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2002). Psycholinguistics. In L. Nadel (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Cognitive Sciences. London, UK: Nature Publishing Group.

KELLETT, K. A., STEVENSON, J. L., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2011). What role does the cerebellum play in language processing? In M. Faust (Ed.), Handbook of the Neuropsychology of Language. Hoboken, NJ: Blackwell-Wiley. 14

ROBERTSON, D. A., GERNSBACHER, M. A., GUIDOTTI, S. J., ROBERTSON, R. W. R., IRWIN, W., MOCK, B. J., & CAMPANA, M. E. (2000). Functional neuroanatomy of the cognitive process of mapping during discourse comprehension. Psychological Science, 11, 255-260.
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Conceptual Anaphora

CARREIRAS, M., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1992). Comprehending conceptual anaphors in Spanish. Language and Cognitive Processes, 7, 281-299.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1986). Comprehension of conceptual anaphora in discourse. Proceedings of the Cognitive Science Society, 8, 110-125.

GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1991). Comprehending conceptual anaphors. Language and Cognitive Processes, 6, 81-105.
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OAKHILL, J., GARNHAM, A., GERNSBACHER, M. A., & CAIN, K. (1992). How natural are conceptual anaphors? Language and Cognitive Processes, 7, 257-280.
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Second Language Acquisition

TOMLIN, R. S., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1994). (Eds.) Special issue of Studies in Second Language Acquisition, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
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TOMLIN, R. S., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1994). Cognitive foundations of second language acquisition. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 16, 129-132.
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Inferring Emotions During Language Comprehension

GERNSBACHER, M. A., HALLADA, B. M., & ROBERTSON, R. R. W. (1998). How automatically do readers infer fictional characters’ emotional states?Scientific Studies of Reading (Special Issue), 2, 271-300.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1994). Activating knowledge of fictional characters’ emotional states. In C. A. Weaver, S. Mannes, & C. R. Fletcher (Eds.),Discourse comprehension: Essays in honor of Walter Kintsch (pp. 141-155). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., GOLDSMITH, H. H., & ROBERTSON, R. R. W. (1992). Do readers mentally represent characters’ emotional states? Cognition & Emotion, 6, 89-111.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & ROBERTSON, R. R. W. (1992). Knowledge activation versus sentence mapping when representing fictional characters’ emotional states. Language and Cognitive Processes, 7, 353-371.
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Structure Building and Written Language Production

TRAXLER, M. J., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1992). Improving written communication through minimal feedback. Language and Cognitive Processes, 7, 1-22.
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TRAXLER, M. J., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1993). Improving written communication through perspective taking. Language and Cognitive Processes, 8, 311-334.
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TRAXLER, M. J., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1995). Improving coherence in written communication. In M. A. Gernsbacher & T. Givón (Eds.), Coherence in spontaneous text (pp. 216-237). Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
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Picture Memory

BARTLETT, J.C., GERNSBACHER, M.A., TILL, R.E. (1987). Remembering left-right orientation of pictures. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 27-35.
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BARTLETT, J. C., TILL, R. E., GERNSBACHER, M. A., & GORMAN, W. (1983). Age-related differences in memory for lateral orientation of pictures. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 439-446.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1985). Surface information loss in comprehension.Cognitive Psychology, 17, 324-363.
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Phoneme Monitoring/Word Recognition

DIEHL, R. L., KLUENDER, K. R., FOSS, D. J., PARKER, E. M., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1987). Vowels as islands of reliability. Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 564-573.
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FOSS, D. J., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1983). Cracking the dual code: Toward a unitary model of phoneme identification. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 22, 609-632.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1984). Resolving twenty years of inconsistent interactions between lexical familiarity and orthography, concreteness, and polysemy. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 113, 256-281.
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Book Reviews

GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2004). On our mind: Salience, context, and figurative language. Metaphor and Symbol, 19, 165-168.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1985). Contemporary readings on cognition: Beyond serial boxes. Contemporary Psychology, 30, 289-290.
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GERNSBACHER, M. A., & MCKINNEY, V. M. (1999). Review of “Comprehension: A Paradigm for Cognition,” American Scientist, 87, 568.
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HARGREAVES, D., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (1990). Review of S. N. Sridhar’s, “Cognition and Sentence Production.” American Journal of Psychology, 103, 418-424.
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Commentary

SANDERS, T. J. M., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2004). Accessibility in text and discourse processing. Discourse Processes, 37, 79-90.
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Encyclopedia Entries

GERNSBACHER, M. A., & LEVINSON, R., & BROOKHART, S. (2006). American Psychological Society. In N. Salkind (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics. New York: Sage.
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Other

GERNSBACHER, M. A., & KASCHAK, M. (2013). Text comprehension. In D. Reisberg (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Psychology (pp. 462-474). New York: Oxford University Press.
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KASCHAK, M., & GERNSBACHER, M. A. (2012). Changing language. In S. Bischoff & C. Jany (Eds.), Functional Approaches to Language (pp. 149-175). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
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